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IonQ believes the QV numbers are too large so have come up with a measure for their Algorithmic Qubits which is log 2 of QV. Quantum Volume (QV) combines qubits with connectivity between the bits and quality. IBM, believes these published figures are not meaningful so have proposed another number, Quantum Volume. So, when qubit figures are published for quantum machines they are usually in terms of stable qubits or logical qubits. There are ways to address this though we are still in the early days. Qubits are rather unstable and noisy-break down or decohere before they can do something useful-one of the fundamental challenges with QC. (See my Forbes article with Jack Dongarra on the latest work in supercomputing: Jack Dongarra ACM Turing Awardee For Pioneering In Outstanding World-Changing Computations). Exascale supercomputers released in 2021 can do more than 1 billion-times-billion calculations per second or more than 1000 petaflops. The added quantum properties of entanglement where qubits work in perfect tandem, leads to exponential computing capabilities not possible even with the fastest zetascale (thousand billion billion) next generation supercomputers. That’s much better than 32 digital bits that are either one or zero. So, for a 10-qubit configuration, this becomes 2^10 combinations for 32 qubits, 2^32 combinations-that’s more than four billion.

For n qubits the number of states increases by 2 to the nth power (2^n). While two bits represent two states in the classical computer, two qubits together can be in four different states.

Qubits can store a linear combination of one and zero (called superposition) encoding, an infinite number of possible states in each individual qubit creating powerful capabilities. Digital computers use bits which are like a light switch, on or off. Microsoft, IBM, Google, and other large technology companies also provide good overviews including their work in QC.Ī basic measure of QC capability is the number of quantum bits (qubits), the fundamental unit used to store and process data. The University of Waterloo Institute for Quantum Computing does a good overview on QIST with definitions. Quantum Information Science or Quantum Information Science and Technology (QIST) is the better umbrella term. I often use QC as the general term for simplicity to point to Quantum Effects-related to Quantum Information Science and related technologies. Quantum Physics produces Quantum Effects from Quantum Mechanics providing Quantum Information Science and related technologies (QIST) that includes quantum computing, quantum simulation, quantum communications, quantum sensing, quantum measurement, quantum materials.this has spawned areas such as quantum safe cryptography and more.

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Many of the QIS / QC experts are also speaking at IEEE Quantum Week QCE22 September 18-23, 2022.The IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, its roots dating back to 1884, and with more than 420,000 members in 160-plus countries, is the world’s largest non-profit technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. Quantum specific programs are: Quantum Science Network (lead agency: DOE) Quantum User Expansion for Science and Technology Program (DOE) Quantum Networking and Communications Research and Standardization (NIST) Next Generation Quantum Leaders Pilot Program (NSF) - annual authorized investment USD $153 million. Coverage includes: accelerating the discovery of quantum applications growing a diverse and domestic quantum workforce development of critical infrastructure and standardization of cutting-edge R&D. In August 2022, the US CHIPS and Science Act providing hundreds of millions in funding as well. Department of Energy providing USD $625 million over five years for five quantum information research hubs led by national laboratories: Argonne, Brookhaven, Fermi, Lawrence Berkeley and Oak Ridge. For the US, in 2018, there is the USD $1.2 billion National Quantum Initiative Act and related U.S.

(See my Forbes article: Government Deep Tech 2022 Top Funding Focus Explainable AI, Photonics, Quantum-they (BDC Deep Tech Fund) invested in QC company Xanadu). The stakes are so high in competitive and strategic advantage that top corporations and governments are investing in and working with QIS / QC.